Journal

Notes from the clinic and classroom

Short-form writing on endocrinology, medical education and evidence-based practice — written for residents, students and curious patients.

Understanding Type 2 Diabetes: Beyond the Numbers

A closer look at how insulin resistance develops, what HbA1c really tells us, and why lifestyle remains the cornerstone of long-term control.

Screening thresholds, trimester-specific TSH ranges, and the safe use of levothyroxine — a practical brief for junior residents.

Before metformin, before oral contraceptives — evidence for weight, sleep, and insulin-sensitising nutrition in polycystic ovary syndrome.

How to choose the first regimen, titrate safely, and counsel patients through the emotional barrier of starting injectable therapy.